【行业报告】资助减少石油和天然气甲烷排放--世界能源展望石油和天然气行业特别报告和COP28（英）_.docx

AbstractTheoi1andgasindustryhassomeofthebestandmostcost-effectiveopportunitiestoreducemethaneemissions.Thepotentia1todosoisc1ear.Somecountriesandcompanieshavea1readydemonstratedthatachievingnear-zeroemissionsfromoi1andgasoperationsistechnica11yandeconomica11ypossib1e.Thereareagrowingnumberofinitiatives,po1iciesandregu1ationsaimingtoreduceemissionsg1oba11y,andmanyreductionscanberea1isedwhi1esavingmoney.However,overa11progresshasbeenmuchtoos1ow,despitetherecordprofitsthattheoi1andgasindustrysawin2023.Thisreport1ooksindetai1attheinvestmentrequirementstode1iverasharpreductioninoi1andgasmethaneemissionsto2030,andhowthesecou1dbefinanced.Theana1ysisisintendedtoinformdiscussionsintherunuptoCOP28andhe1ppromptthenecessaryactionstoacce1eratethepaceofchange.ExecutivesummaryTack1ingmethaneemissionsfromoi1andgasoperationsisoneofthemostimportantmeasuresto1imitnear-termg1oba1warming.IntheIEA,sNetZeroEmiSSiOnSby2050(NZE)Scenario,energy-re1atedmethaneemissionsfa11byaround75%to2030-two-thirdsofwhichcomesfromreducingemissionsfromoi1andgasoperations-andthiscontributesmorethan15%oftota1energy-re1atedgreenhousegas(GHG)emissionsreductionsto2030.JustoverUSD75bi11ionincumu1ativespendingisrequiredto2030toachievethesereductionsinemissions.Therequiredspendingvarieswide1ybygeography,operator,andpartoftheva1uechain:aroundUSD55bi11ionisneededinupstreamoi1andgasfaci1itiesandjustoverUSD20bi11ionindownstreamoperations.Methaneabatementintheoi1andgasindustryisoneofthecheapestoptionstoreduceGHGemissionsanywhereintheeconomy.Abatementmeasureswou1dgeneraterevenuesofaroundUSD45bi11ionfromthesa1eofcapturedmethane.Thismeanstheaveragecostofmethanereductionsto2030is1essthanUSD5/tonneCO2-equiva1ent.Eveniftherewasnova1uetothecapturedgas,a1mosta11avai1ab1eabatementmeasureswou1dbecosteffectiveinthepresenceofanemissionspriceofaboutUSD20/tonneCO2-equiva1ent.Oi1andgascompaniescarryprimaryresponsibi1ityforabatement.ThespendingrequiredtocutmethaneemissionsintheNZEScenariois1essthan2%ofthenetincomereceivedbytheindustryin2023.Privatesourcesoffinancecanprovidecapita1whereinterna1financingoptionsare1imited.Regu1ationsandpo1iciesonmethaneabatementareessentia1todrivedownmethaneemissions.Thesecanbepairedwithpub1icfinancing,eitherdirect1yfromgovernmentsorthroughmu1ti1atera1deve1opmentbanks,tohe1pcata1yseprivateinvestmentsandfi11gapswhereprivatesourcesoffinancemaynotbewi11ingorab1etoinvestatthe1eve1sneeded.Ofthetota1spending,weestimatethataboutUSD15-20bi11ionneedsparticu1arattentiontoensurethatadequatesourcesoffinanceareavai1ab1e.Thisinc1udesthespendingrequiredtocutemissionsin1ow-andmidd1e-incomecountries,especia11ythosewithoutstrongmethanereductionpo1iciesandregu1ations,atfaci1itiesownedandoperatedbynationa1oi1companiesandsma11erindependentcompanies,andformeasuresthatdonotgeneratemeaningfu1returnovertheir1ifetimes.Thisisanappropriateareaforfocusedinternationa1action.Therehavebeensevera1notab1eeffortsinthepasttofinancemethaneabatement.Theseinc1udeinternationa1emissionspricingschemes,regiona1emissionstradingmarkets,sustainabi1ity-1inkedfinancing,anddirectpub1icfunding.Financinginitiativesshou1dbetai1oredtofittargetedprojectsandreductiongoa1sandbepairedwithc1earaccountabi1ityframeworks.Recommendations Theoi1andgasindustrymust1eadeffortstotack1emethaneemissionsbyadoptingazero-to1eranceapproach.Reducingoi1andgasmethaneemissionsisoneofthecheapestoptionstoreduceGHGemissionsanywhereintheeconomy.TheCOP28C1imateChangeConferenceinDubaithisyearisauniqueopportunityfortheoi1andgasindustrytoshowitisseriousabouttack1ingitsmethaneemissions.Itistimeforbo1dandambitiouscommitments,focusedonde1iveryby2030. Po1icymakersshou1dimp1ementandenforceeffectivemethanepo1iciesandregu1ationstoincentiviseear1ycompanyactions.Manyoptionsareavai1ab1e,inc1udingtheadoptionoftechno1ogyandequipmentstandards,enforcingbansonnon-emergencyf1aringandventing,andofferingtargetedfinancia1incentives.Measuresshou1dbepairedwitharobustmeasurementandreportingregime. Investorsandinsurersshou1dincorporatemethaneabatementintotheirengagementwiththeoi1andgasindustrywiththeaimtopromotestrictperformancestandards,verifiab1emethanereductions,andtransparentandcomparab1edisc1osuresonmeasuredemissions. Anewinternationa1effortisneededfromgovernments,industryandphi1anthropytofi11thefinancinggapsidentifiedinthisreport,notab1ytheUSD15-20bi11ionofspendingrequiredin1ow-andmidd1e-incomecountries.Pub1icandphi1anthropicactorscanp1ayacata1ysingro1e,supportingprojectidentificationandcapacitybui1dingandun1ockingadditiona1privatesourcesoffinance.1eadingcompaniesneedtostepuptosupporthigherperformanceacrosstheentireindustry. Financingeffortsshou1densurerapidde1iveryofthemostcost-effectivemitigationopportunities.Morethan40%oftheemissionsreductionsto2030intheNZEScenariocanbeachievedwithmeasuresthatwou1dresu1tinovera11savingsgiventheva1ueofthecapturedgas.A1ongsidemechanismstodetectandimmediate1ytack1e1arge1eaks,theseoptionsinc1uderep1acingpneumaticsandpumps,insta11ingrecoverysystems,andimp1ementing1eakdetectionandrepa