【行业报告】亚开行-数字供应链的惊人发展提高了应对中断的韧性（英）-2023.5_市场营销策划_20.docx

1. INTRODUCTIONInrecentyears,supp1ychainshavebeenfacingconstantdisruptionsofamagnitudeunpara11e1edinhistory,fromCOVID-19totheRussianinvasionofUkraine,thathaveexposedthegreatfragi1ityofoursupp1ychains.Consumershavebeenfacingaseriesofstockoutsinthe1astfewyears,fromthepanicbuyingoftoi1etpaperatthebeginningoftheCOVID-19pandemic,tode1aysingettingnewcarsfrommanufacturers,torecent1yfindingoutthatsunf1oweroi1wasnotwide1yavai1ab1eduetotheRussianinvasionofUkraine.Consequent1y,thereisabigemphasisonhowtoincreasetheresi1ienceofsupp1ychains,bothfromgovernmentsandcompanies.Scho1arsandexecutives(BuatoisandCordon2023)haveevensuggestedthatcompanyboardsshou1dstress-testtheresi1ienceoftheirsupp1ychainssimi1ar1ytothestresstestoffinancia1institutionsintheaftermathofthefinancia1crisisof2008.Veryrecent1y,governmentsaroundthewor1d(fromtheBidenadministrationtotheEuropeanUnion)havepassed1egis1ationaimedatincreasingtheresi1ienceofthesupp1ychainsindifferent“strategic"sectors1ikefood,pharmaceutica1s,andmicro-e1ectronics.Thus,thereiswidespreadefforttomakeoursupp1ychainsmoreresi1ientinthefaceof“waves”ofdisruptions.Inapara11e1way,duringthe1astfewyears,thedigita1izationofsupp1ychainshasbeenpraisedasaso1utiontomanyofthecha11engesfacingdifferentindustries.Intheear1y201Os,manyexecutives,consu1tants,academics,andgovernmentsexpectedthedigita1izationofsupp1ychainstode1iverbi11ionsinsavingsandtoincreasetheva1uetheycreated.Aprimeexamp1ewastheinitiativebytheGermangovernmentregardingIndustry4.0,whoseobjectivewastohe1pGermancompaniestoimp1ementdigita1techno1ogiestoattainthebenefitsderivedfromthoseadvancedtoo1s.Duringthe201Os,initiativestopushthedigita1izationofbothfactoriesandthecomp1etesupp1ychainpro1iferated,1iketheexamp1eof1ighthouseswherecompanieswou1duseonefactoryasanexamp1eofhowdigita1izationmighthe1ptoincreaseva1ueandproductivity.Someoftheseinitiativesde1iveredonthepromiseofsavingsandmoreva1uecreated.Quiteafewcreatedacceptab1ereturnsandmanyothersfai1edtoprovidea1mostanybenefit(BuyukozkanandGer2018).Interesting1yenough,manyresearchpapersandconsu1tantsc1aimedthataround70%ofthoseudigita1Iransformationsnfai1edtode1ivertheexpectedresu1ts.Whi1emanyofthesedigita1initiativeswereorigina11ydriventowards1oweringthecostsorcreatingacompetitiveadvantagebytransforming"theindustry,therecentwaveofdisruptionshaschangeddramatica11ythecontextandeventhepurposeofsupp1ychains.Inastab1econtext,themainobjectiveofsupp1ychainexecutiveswastominimizecostforagiven1eve1ofserviceandagivenqua1ity1eve1.Inacontextofveryhighinstabi1ity,theobjectiveisnottominimizecostbuttomaximizeavai1abi1ityandfastservice,toprofitfromthescarcityofproducts.Suchafundamenta1changeintheobjectiveofsupp1ychainshaspushedtheemergenceofsomedigita1so1utionsthatprovideunexpectedbenefitsforresi1ience,whi1etheinitiativesfocusingon1owercostsinastab1eenvironmenthave1ostmomentum.Forexamp1e,re1ative1ystraightforwarddigita1communicationtoo1shaveproventobeveryusefu1inmanagingdisruptions,whi1esophisticatedtoo1s1iketheIOTfordigita1twinsofmachinesarenotbeingpursuedstrong1ybecausemanyoftheirbenefitsarenotsore1evantinaveryunstab1eenvironment.Additiona11y,therecentdrivetowardssustainabi1ityhasmadethesituationmorecomp1ex,1eadingtomanycompanies1ookingfordigita1so1utionstomanagesuchcomp1exity.Forexamp1e,becauseofthehugedemandsforreporting,manyg1oba1companiesaredeve1opingandadoptingdigita1so1utionsbecauseitissimp1yimpossib1etofu1fi11thereportingrequirementsinanondigita1way.Inarecentcasestudyabouttheg1oba1companyHenke1(We11ianandCordon2023),itisdescribedhowcha11engingitistoobtaintherequiredinformationabouttheconsumptionofenergybyitscustomersusingtheirdetergents,astheyhavemi11ionsofconsumers.Theon1yaccuratewayoftrackingtheconsumptionpatternsofmi11ionsofconsumersisbyusingdigita1techno1ogies.Inthispaperweexp1orehowdigita1deve1opmentsinsupp1ychainsarehavingapositiveeffectonresi1ienceandwhysomedigita1initiativeshavefai1edtode1iveranybenefit.Specifica11y:(1)weexp1orehowmanagementforresi1ienceisfundamenta11ydifferentfrommanagingfor1owcost;(2)weexp1orethedeve1opmentofaframeworktotrytounderstandthe1ogicbehindtheimpactofdigita1too1sonresi1ience;and(3)weconductadiscussiononwhatcou1dbethefutureevo1utionofdigita1izationofsupp1ychainsanditsimpactonresi1ience.SpieskeandBirke1(2023)haveperformedanextensive1iteratureresearchonpapersexaminingtheeffectofdigita1techno1ogiesonresi1ience,but1ogica11ytheirdataarebasedonpaperspub1ishedmain1ybefore2023,somostofthemdonotconsidertheeventsofCOVID-19andtheUkrainianwar.Theyconc1udethaton1ybigdataana1yticsseemtohe1ptoincreasethere1iabi1ityofsupp1ychains.Giventherecenteventsofsuchanunprecedentedmagnitude,webaseourresearchonveryrecent1ypub1ishedcasesandonconversationsinforumswithpractitioners.Thus,inthepapersomehypothesesareproposed,buttherearenotyetenoughdataandexperiencetobui1dadatabaseandtestpropositions.Ourobjectiveistoprovideataxonomythatcou1dbethebasisforfutureempirica1research.2. THEOBJECTIVEOFASUPP1YCHAIN:RESI1IENCEVS.COSTMINIMIZATION2.1 FocusonCostMinimizationDuringthe1a