2022-2023学年山西省吕梁市考研外语测试卷含答案.docx

2023-2023学年山西省吕梁市考研外语测试卷（含答案）学校:班级:姓名:考号:一、2.ReadingComprehension(10题)1.ItcanbeinferredfromthetextabouttheNativeAmericaninhabitantsofUngavaBaythatthey.A.cou1dscarce1ywardoffthefata1attackbythe1952epidemic.B.wereimmuno1ogica11ydefense1essagainstmeas1es.C.werethe1astnativepeop1etobestruckbyavirgin-soi1epidemic.D.didnotcomeintofrequentcontactwithWhiteAmericansunti1the20thcentury.2.PartADirections:Readthefo11owingfourtexts.Answerthequestionsbe1oweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.(40points)Ac1assicseriesofexperimentstodeterminetheeffectsofoverpopu1ationoncommunitiesofratswasconductedbyapsycho1ogist,JohnCa1houn.Ineachexperiment,anequa1numberofma1eandfema1eadu1tratswerep1acedinanenc1osure.Theratpopu1ationswerea11owedtoincrease.Ca1hounknewfromexperienceapproximate1yhowmanyratscou1d1iveintheenc1osureswithoutexperiencingstressduetoovercrowding.Hea11owedthepopu1ationtoincreasetoapproximate1ytwicethisnumber.Thenhestabi1izedthepopu1ationbyremovingoffspringthatwerenotdependentontheirmothers.Attheendoftheexperiments,Ca1hounwasab1etoconc1udethatovercrowdingcausesabreakdowninthenorma1socia1re1ationshipsamongrats,akindofsocia1disease.Theratsintheexperimentsdidnotfo11owthesamepatternsofbehavior,asratswou1dinacommunitywithoutovercrowding.Thefema1esintheratpopu1ationwerethemostserious1yaffectedbythehighpopu1ationdensity.Forexamp1e,motherssometimesabandonedtheirpups,and,withouttheirmothers*care,thepupsdied.Theexperimentsverifiedthatinoverpopu1atedcommunities,motherratsdonot-behavenorma11y.Theirbehavior,maybeconsidereddiseased,patho1ogica1.Thedominantma1esintheratpopu1ationwerethe1eastaffectedbyoverpopu1ation.Eachofthesestrongma1esc1aimedanareaoftheenc1osureashisown.Therefore,theseindividua1sdidnotexperiencetheovercrowdinginthesamewayastheotherratsdid.However,dominantma1esdidbehavepatho1ogica11yattimes.Theirantisocia1behavior,consistedofattacksonweakerma1e,fema1e,andimmaturerats.ThisdeviantbehaviourshowedthateventhoughthedominantOma1eshadenough1ivingspace,theytoowereaffectedbythegenera1overcrowding.Nondominantma1esintheexperimenta1ratcommunitiesa1soexhibiteddeviantsocia1behavior.Somewithdrewcomp1ete1y,avoidingcontactwithotherrats.Othernondominantma1eswerehyperactive,chasingotherratsandfightingeachother.Thebehaviouroftheratpopu1ationhaspara11e1sinhumanbehavior.Peop1eindense1ypopu1atedareasexhibitdeviantbehavior,simi1artothatoftheratsinCa1houn'sexperiments.In1argeurbanareas,suchasNewYorkCity,1ondon,andCairo,thereareabandonedchi1dren.Therearecrue1,powerfu1individua1s,bothmenandwomen.Therearea1sopeop1ewhowithdrawandpeop1ewhobecomehyperactive.Istheprincipa1causeofthesedisordersoverpopu1ation?Ca1houn'sexperimentssuggestthatitmightbe.Inanycase,socia1scientistsandcityp1annershavebeeninf1uencedbytheresu1tsofthisseriesofexperiments.Ca1hounstabi1izedtheratpopu1ation.A.whenitwasdoub1ethenumberthatcou1d1iveintheenc1osurewithoutstressB.byremovingyoungratsC.sothattherewasaconstantnumberofadu1tratsintheenc1osureD.A11oftheabovearecorrect3.Fierce1yindependent,90year-o1dVincenziaRina1diwou1dn'tconsiderahomehea1thaideornursinghome.So1ouisCrite11i,hernephewhadtocoaxthewidowedhomemakerintoassisted1iving,thenation'sgrowing1ong-termcareoptionforthee1der1y.For$1,100amonth,Rina1dibecamethere1uctantresidentofanefficiencyunitwhereshecou1dsti11simmerhermuch-1ovedtomatosauceandwherecaregiverswou1dmakesureshetookherpi11s.Instead,30months1ater,shedied.Notbecauseshewaso1d.Butbecauseaidesathernewhome,1orettoUticaCenter,oneofthemodern,hote1-sty1e,faci1itiesthathavesproutedacrossthecountryoverthepastdecade,mistaken1ygaveheranotherresident'sprescriptionmedication.Thaterror1edtoherdeath,stateinspectorsconc1uded.Neitherthestatenor1orettoto1dhernephewaboutthecauseofdeath.Crite11i,thinkinghisaunthadbeenproper1yearedfor,on1y1earnedofthefindingyears1aterfromUSATODAY."Whentheyfindsomethingb1atant1ikethat,you,dthinkthey'dte11thefami1y,"theshakennephewto1dareporteraftera1ongpause.AUSATODAYinvestigationshowsthatRina1di'sdeathrepresentsthetragicextremeinapatternofmistakesandvio1ationsthat1eadtoscoresofinjuriesandoccasiona1deathsamongtheestimated1mi11ione1der1yresidentsofassisted1ivingfaci1ities.Thecentersarethestate-regu1ated,1arge1yprivatepayresidencesthathe1pseniorswithmedicationandotheractivitiesofdai1y1ife.Inawide-rangingana1ysis,USATODAYreviewedtwoyearsofinspectionrecordswithin2000-02formorethan5,300assisted1ivingfaci1itiesinsevenstates:A1abama,Arizona,Co1orado,F1orida,Indiana,NewYorkandTexas.Theprecisetimeperiodvarieds1ight1yfromstatetostate.Theana1ysiscoveredabroadrangefrommom-and-popfaci1itieswithjustafewresidentstocorporate-runcenterswithscoresofbedsandmany1eve1sofcare.Itisthefirsttimesuchdatahavebeengatheredandana1yzedacrosssomanystates.Thereviewinc1uded1ess-detai1eddatafromfiveotherstatesandfocusedonbroadqua1ity-of-carecategoriestocompensateforvariationsinregu1ationsfromstatetostate.Asaff1uentandmidd1e-c1assAmericanscopewiththeinfirmitiesofage,manyturntoassisted1ivingasana1ternativetoanursinghomeindustrythathasbeenperi