定语从句.docx

定语从句定语从句（AttribUtiVeClaUSeS）在句中做定语，修饰一个名词或代词，被修饰的名词、 词组或代词即先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后，由关系词（关系代词或关系副词） 引出。关系代词有：who, whom, whose, that, which, as 等。关系副词有：when, where, why等。要点提示：定语从句的关系词令“介词+关系词”结构的用法关系代词that的用法 as与which的区别限制性和非限制性定语从句令同位语从句与定语从句的区别【知识点拨】一、定语从句的关系词（-）关系代词引导的定语从句关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词，并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等 成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。1. who, whom, that这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词，在从句中所起作用如下：Is he the man who/that wants to see you?他就是想见你的人吗？（Who/that在从句中作主语）He is the man （whom/that） I saw yesterday.他就是我昨天见的那个人。（WhOm/that在从句中作宾语，可省略）2. which, that它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等，如：A prosperity which/that had never been seen before appeared in the countryside. 农村出现 了前所未有的繁荣。（WhiCh/that在从句中作主语）The package （which / that） you are carrying is about to come unwrapped.你拿的包快散了。(WhiCh/Ihat在句中作宾语，可省略)3. whose用来指人或物，(只用作定语，若指物，它还可以同OfWhiCh互换)，如：They rushed over to help (he man whose car had broken down.那人车坏了，大家都跑过去帮忙。Please pass me the book whose (of which) cover is green.请递给我那本绿皮的书。4. as(1)与SUCh, lhe same, as连用，意为“像样的，同一类的”,如：I live in the same place as Tom does.我和汤姆住在同处。He,s noi such a fool as he looks.他并不像看上去的那样愚慈。He smokes as expensive a cigarette as he can afford.他抽种他买得起的最贵的烟。(2)单独用作关系代词，意为“正如”，可放在主句之前、之后或中间，且主从句之 间一般要用逗号隔开。如：As we know, smoking is harmful to one,s health, (as 充当 know 的宾语)As is known, smoking is harmful to one,s health. (as 充当从句的主语)(二)关系副词引导的定语从句关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词，在从句中作状语。1. when, where, why关系副词when, where, why的含义相当于“介词+ which,结构，因此常常和“介词+ which"结构交替使用，例如：There are occasions when (on which) one must yield.任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。Beijing is the place where (in which) I was bom.北京是我的出生地。Is this the reason Why (for which) he refused our offer?这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗？2. that代替关系副词在非正式文体中，that可以用于表示时间、地点、方式、理由的名词后取代when, where, Why和“介词+which ”引导定语从句，在口语中thal常被省略，例如：His father died the year (that/whcn / in which) he was born.他父亲在他出生那年逝世了。He is unlikely to find the place (that/where / in which) he lived forty years ago.他不大可能找到他四十年前居住过的地方。(三)判断关系代词与关系副词方法一：用关系代词，还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面无宾语, 就必须要求用关系代词；而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。例如：This is the mountain village where 1 stayed last year.ll never forget the days when I worked together with you.判断改错：()This is the mountain village where I visited last year.()I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside.()This is the mountain village (which/that) I visited last year.()ll never forget the days (which/that) I spent in the countryside.分析：习惯上总把表地点或时间的名词与关系副词Where,when联系在一起。此两题错 在关系词的误用上。方法二：准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分(主、谓、宾、定、状)，也能正确选择出关系 代词/关系副词。例 1. Is this the museum you visited a few days ago?A. whereB. thatC. on whichD. the one例 2. Is this the museum the exhibition was held.A. whereB. thatC. on whichD. the one例 1.变为陈述句：This is the museumyou visited a few days ago.例 2.变为陈述句：This is the museumthe exhibition was held.分析：在句1中，从句部分缺少宾语，可用Ihal或WhiCh,所以应选B。而句2中，主句的成分完整，从句部分缺少表地点的状语，可用副词Where,又因in the museum词组，可用介词in + which引导地点状语。而此题中，介词on用的不对，所以选A。总结：关系词的选择依据在从句中所做的成分，先行词在从句中做主、定、宾语时，选 择关系代词(WhO, whom, that, which, whose)；先行词在从句中做状语时，应选择关系副词 (where地点状语，when时间状语，Why原因状语)。(四)“介词+关系词”引导的定语从句1 .介词后面的关系词不能省略。2 . “介词+关系词”引导定语从句时，若指人，则用介词+whom；若指物，则用介词+which, 如：My cousin is a person with whom I can discuss my homework.The West Lake, for which Hangzhou is famous, is a beautiful place.3 .某些在从句中充当时间、地点或原因状语的“介词+关系词”结构可以同关系副词When, where,why 互换。This is the house in which I lived two years ago.This is the house where I lived two years ago.Do you remember the day on which you joined our club?Do you remember the day when you joined our club?二、限制性和非限制性定语从句1 .定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种。限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分，去掉它 主句意思往往不明确；非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明，去掉了也不会影响主句的意 思，它与主句之间通常用逗号分开，例如：This is the house which we bought last month.这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。（限制性）The house, which we bought last month, is very nice.这幢房子很漂亮，是我们上个月买的。（非限制性）2 .当先行词是专有名词或有物主代词和指示代词所修饰时，其后的定语从句通常是非限制 性的，例如：Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year.查理史密斯去年退休了，他曾经是我的老师。My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden.我去年买的的那幢房子带着个漂亮的花园。This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching.这本小说很动人，我已经读了三遍。3 .非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词，对其进行修饰，这时从句谓语动词要用 第三人称单数，例如：He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me.他似乎没抓住我的意思，这使我很心烦。Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation.液态水变为蒸汽，这就叫做蒸发。【注意】关系代词that和关系副词why不能引导非限制性定语从句。三、同位语从句与定语从句的区别1 .同位语从句与前面的名词是同位关系，说明它前面名词的内容属于名词性从句范畴。定 语从句与前面的名词是修饰与被修饰关系，限定前面名词的范围，属于形容词性从句范畴。The news that I have passed the exam is true.The news that he told me just now is true.2 .引导同位语从句的that是连接词，在从句中不充当任何成分，而引导定语从句的that是 关系代词，除了起连接作用外，还在从句中充当主语、宾语或表语等。如I：The idea that computers can recognize human voices surprises many people.The idea that he gave surprises many people.四、其他注意要点（-）先行词和关系词二合一what = the thing which=all that； whatever = anything thatwho=