储能分析报告.docx

Technica1ReportNREUTP-6A20-71714November20182018U.S.Uti1ity-Sca1ePhotovo1taics-P1us-EnergyStorageSystemCostsBenchmarkNRE1isanationa11aboratoryoftheU.S.DepartmentofEnergyOfficeofEnergyEfficiency&Renewab1eEnergyOperatedbytheA11ianceforSustainab1eEnergy,11CThisreportisavai1ab1eatnocostfromtheNationa1Renewab1eEnergy1aboratory(NRE1)atwww.nre1.gov/pub1ications.ContractNo.DE-AC36-08GO28308Acknow1edgmentsThisworkwasauthoredbytheNationa1Renewab1eEnergy1aboratory,operatedbyA11ianceforSustainab1eEnergy,11C,fortheU.S.DepartmentofEnergy(DOE)underContractNo.DE-AC36-08GO28308.FundingprovidedbyU.S.DepartmentofEnergyOfficeofEnergyEfficiencyandRenewab1eEnergySo1arEnergyTechno1ogiesOffice.Theviewsexpressedintheartic1edonotnecessari1yrepresenttheviewsoftheDOEortheU.S.Government.TheU.S.Governmentretainsandthepub1isher,byacceptingtheartic1eforpub1ication,acknow1edgesthattheU.S.Governmentretainsanonexc1usive,paid-up,irrevocab1e,wor1dwide1icensetopub1ishorreproducethepub1ishedformofthiswork,ora11owotherstodoso,forU.S.Governmentpurposes.1istofAcronymsACBOSCAESDCDOEEPCHVACI1R1COS1iPVSG&Aa1ternatingcurrentba1anceofsystemcompressedairenergystoragedirectcurrentU.S.DepartmentofEnergyengineering,procurement,andconstructionheating,venti1ating,andairconditioninginverter1oadingratioIeve1izedcostofstorage1ithiumphotovo1taic(s)se11ing,genera1,andadministrative11ExecutiveSummaryTherecentrapidgrowthofuti1ity-sca1ephotovo1taic(PV)dep1oymentandthedec1iningcostsofenergystoragetechno1ogieshavestimu1atedinterestincombiningPVwithenergystoragetoprovidedispatchab1eenergy(i.e.,energyondemand)andre1iab1ecapacity(i.e.,gridstabi1ity).Inparticu1ar,theuseof1ithium-ionbatteriesinU.S.uti1ity-sca1eapp1icationshasgrowninrecentyearsowingtothetechno1ogy'sfavorab1ecostandperformancecharacteristics.Thisstudyisourfirsttimetousebottom-upmode1ingtobenchmarktheinsta11edcostsofvariousstanda1one1ithium-ionstorage(withstorageconnectedtothegridon1y)andPV-p1us-storage(withstorageconnectedtoPVandthegrid)systemconfigurations.ThePV-p1us-storageconfigurationsinc1ude1)co-1ocatedPV-p1us-storagesystemsvs.PV-p1us-storagesystemsindifferent1ocations,and2)directcurrent(DC)coup1edvs.a1ternatingcurrent(AC)coup1edbatteryconfigurationsfortheco-1ocatedPV-p1us-storagesystems.FigureES-Ishowsthemode1edcostsofstanda1one1ithium-ionenergystoragesystemswithaninsta11edcapacityof60MWab1etoprovidee1ectricityforsevera1differentdurations.Assumingaconstantper-energy-unitbatterypriceof$209/kWh,thesystemcostsvaryfrom$380/kWh(4-hourdurationsystem)toS895kWh(0.5-hourdurationsystem).Thebatterycostaccountsfor55%oftota1systemcostinthe4-hoursystem,buton1y23%inthe0.5-hoursystem.Atthesametime,non-ba1terycostcategoriesaccountsforanincreasingproportionofthesystemcostasdurationdec1ines.FigureES-1.2018U.S.uti1ity-sca1e1ithium-ionstanda1onestoragecostsfordurationsof0.5-4hours(60MWdc)iiiFigureES-2summarizesourPV-p1us-storagemode1resu1tsforsevera1systemtypesandconfigurations.EachusesaIOO-MWPVsystemanda60-MW1ithium-ionbatterythatprovides4hoursofstorage: Standa1one1OO-MWPVsystemwithone-axistracking($111mi11ion) Standa1one60-MW240-MWh,4-hour-durationenergystoragesystem($91mi11ion) Co-1ocated,DC-coup1edPV(100MW)p1usstorage(60MW/240MWh,4-hourduration)system($186mi11ion) Co-1ocated,AC-coup1edPV(100MW)p1usstorage(60MW/240MWh,4-hourduration)system($188mi11ion) PV(100MW)p1usstorage(60MW/240MWh,4-hourduration)systemwithPVandstoragecomponentssitedindifferent1ocations($202mi11ion)Co-IocatingthePVandstoragesubsystemsproducescostsavingsbyreducingcostsre1atedtositepreparation,1andacquisition,permitting,interconnection,insta11ation1abor,hardware(viasharingofhardwaresuchasswitchgears,transformers,andcontro1s),overhead,andprofit.Thecostoftheco-1ocated,DC-coup1edsystemis8%1owerthanthecostofthesystemwithPVandstoragesitedseparate1y,andthecostoftheco-Iocated,AC-coup1edsystemis7%1ower.UsingDC-coup1ingratherthanAC-coup1ingresu1tsina1%1owertota1cost,whichisthenetresu1tofcostdifferencesbetweenDC-coup1ingandAC-coup1inginthecategoriesofso1arinverter,structura1ba1anceofsystem(BOS),e1ectrica1BOS,1abor,EPC(engineering,procurement,andconstruction)anddeve1operoverhead,sa1estax,contingency,andprofit.Foranactua1project,however,costsavingsmaynotbetheon1yfactorinchoosingDCorACcoup1ing.Additiona1factorssuchasretrofitconsiderations,systemperformance,designf1exibi1ity,andoperationsandmaintenance-shou1dbeconsidered.Thebenchmarkedcostscou1dfaci1itatePV-p1us-storageprojectdeve1opment,andtheitemizedcostsavingscou1dincentivizedep1oymentofco-1ocatedPV-p1us-storagesystems.Inaddition,themode1canhe1pindustryrepresentativeseva1uatethecostimpactsofvariousbatterydurationsforgridapp1ications.Fina11y,themode1canbeusedtoestimatefuturepotentia1cost-reductionopportunitiesforPV-p1us-storagesystems,he1pingtoguideresearchanddeve1opmentaimedatadvancingcost-effectivesystemconfigurations.ivIndividua1PVandBatteryStorageCo-1ocatedPVP1usBatteryPVP1usBatteryinDifferentSitesPVSys