23个现在完成时的标志词.docx
23个现在完成时的标志词（如to date）当然ever, never, just （方才/刚刚）,already （已经），yet （到目前 为止），today, this morning/Week/year也是可以使用现在完成时，并非 是大多数原则。出现以下的词汇，通常使用“现在完成时“结构。l）ever since, since, since then3 个2）by now, so far, till/until now, up to now5 个3）before, lately, recently3 个4）in recent years； in the past2 个5）inforoverduring the last/past + 时间段2 个6）ThisThatIt is +最高级结构（that） +从句用现完1个7）ThisThatIt is the first/second. time （that） + 从句用现完1 个8）ThisThatIt is the only.（that） + 从句用现完1 个9）不很常见的 IIPtO the present, to date, thus far3 个10）不很常见的long ago, from2个以上的划分是为了讲解记忆的方便而已。1 .ever since, since, since then3 个ever since, since中的since可以是副词，也可以是介词、连词；SinCethen为介词+名词（或副词）结构朗文英语语法第309页9.25.2与since和for连用的现在完成时since和for常与现在完成时连用，表示直到现在的时段。since （+时点）可用作：since连词：Tom hasn,t been home since he was a boy. 汤姆从小就不在家了。 since副词：I saw Fiona in May and I haven,t seen her since.我5月份见过菲奥娜，此后我就没有再见过她了。since介词：ve lived here since 1980.自1980年起我就住在这儿。since用作连词时，后面可跟一般过去时或现在完成时：I retired in 1980 and came to live here. ve lived here since I retired.我于1980年退休后就搬到这里。我自退休后就一直住在这儿。（即我调休的时点：1980年）I have lived here for several years now and ve made many new friends since I have lived here.我已在这里住了好多年。从我在这里住下到现在，我已交了许多新朋 友。（即一直到现在）2 .by now, so far, till/until now, up to now5 个这几个是“到现在为止/到目前为主/迄今（为止）”，常使用现完 中考考点。高阶英语语法（增补本 杜永文编著）第295页0433If he sent the letter to me last Wednesday, why have not I received it by now? 如果上个星期三他把信寄给我了，为什么到现在我还不曾收到？麦克米伦高阶英汉双解词典第1420页now词条The meeting should have finished by now. 会议现在应该 已经结束 了。剑桥高阶英汉双解词典第785页far词条so far: until now 迄今为止； 到目前为止So far we,ve made thirty-two thousand pounds.到目前为止，我们已经赚了 32 000英镑。麦克米伦高阶英汉双解词典第738页far词条so far: until now 迄今为止So far we have restricted our attention to the local area.迄今为止，我们都把注意力局限在当地。麦克米伦高阶英汉双解词典第1420页now词条up to now/ until nowUntil now, we,ve had very mild weather this winter.我们今年冬天的天气一直到现在都比较暖和。COBUILD英汉双解词典第2155页up词条Up to now they,ve had very little say. 一直到现在他们还很少有发言 权。3 .before(now), lately, recently3 个before必须是副词词性，强调的是“从现在开始追溯到过去的一段时 间”，使用现完；recently与Iately相近，含义有两个“最近的/近来的，不久前的”，因 此前者的含义大多使用现完结构，后者的含义使用一般过去时结构。朗文英语语法第308页9.25.1Olga hasn,t appeared on TV before now.奥尔加在此以前没有上过电 视。韦氏高阶英汉双解词典第176页before词条before: adv. at an earlier time 以前； 过去Haven,t we met before?我们以前没见过？We haven,t had these problems before.我们以前从未碰倒过这些问题。英语词汇用法手册（L G.亚历山大编著）第159页late, lately词条We haven,t seen you lately.最近我们一直没见过你。（IateIy =近来） 朗文当代高级英语辞典第五版第2394页Smile词条I haven,t had much to smile about lately.近来我没什么开心的事情。葛传集英语惯用法词典第475页recently词条5.recently可与修饰属于完成时态或过去时态的动词。例如：I （have） heard from him recently.COBUILD柯林斯 英汉双解词典辛克莱著第1612页recently词 条I haven,t heard from her recently.近来我没有接到她的信。1.1 n recent years； in the past2 个上海高考英语2015年考查过in recent years这个结构；in the past可以使用过去时与现在完成时等结构新概念英语第二册第58课A blessing in disguise?是因祸得福 吗？The tree was planted near a church fifty years ago, but it is only in recent yearsthat it has gained an evil reputation.后半句事实上是个强调句，可理解为that it has gained an evil reputation only in recent years. 这里G recent对应于现在完成时源于 此。麦克米伦高阶英汉双解词典第1059页in词条44c: within a period of time 在（一段时间）之内：Unemployment has risen by over 15% in the past year.失业率在去年一年内上升了 15%以上。现代英语用法词典（修订版 张道真主编）第1059页PaSt词条In the past I have had many jobs. （DCE）In the past trains were pulled by steam-engines. （OSD）5 .inforoverduring the last/past +时间段2 个这个大结构大多使用现完，高考英语考查两处：介词（与现完的搭配）；现完（与介词结构的搭配）6 .ThisThatIt is +最高级结构.（that） +从句用现完1个事实上，实际应用中未见得完全如此，但考试还是一个要求。朗文英语语法第308页9.25.1It's the most interesting book ve ever read.这是我读过的最有意识的 书。牛津英语用法指南(第三版)第920页Ifs one of the most interesting books ve ever read.这是我看过的最有意识的书中的一本。朗文英语语法第40页It's the silliest argument (that) ve ever heard.这是我听说过的最愚蠢 的论点。Bach,s the greatest composer thaf s (or who,s) ever IiVed.巴赫是 曾有过 的最伟大的作曲家。朗文英语语法第219页6.28.1我们也可以在最高级之后用一关系从句。这种从句经常伴随着带有.ever heard, met, read, Seen等词的现在完 成时：War and Peace, is the longest book (that) I have ever read.战争与和平是我所看过的书中最长的一部。Penfold is the most conceited man (that/whom) I have ever met.彭福尔德是我所遇到的人中最自负的一个。7 .ThisZItZThat is the first/second. time (that) + 从句用现完1 个该条目算是硬性的规定。牛津英语语法：即学即练第30页在 It's/ThiS is the first/second time 之后,用现在完成时。This is the first time we,ve been to Scotland, so it's all new to us.This is the second time Rachel has forgotten to give me a message.I love this film. I think it's the fourth time ve seen it.牛津英语用法指南（第三版）第920页This is the first that ve heard her sing.这是我第一次听见她唱歌。8 .This/That/It is the only.（that） + 从句用现完1 个本条目属于语法结构上的规定。牛津英语用法指南（第三版）第920页在以 this/it/that is the first/second/third/only/best/worst 等构建的句子 里，要用现在完成时。朗文英语语法第42页1.43关系从句之所指：一个句子可以包括一个以上的关系词：It's the only building （which） ve ever seen which is made entirely of glass.这是我所见过的唯一的一座全部用玻璃造的建筑物。（第一个which 一般可以省略。）9 .不
