亚开行-小型作业的污染控制技术（英）-2023.12_市场营销策划_重点报告202301203_do.docx

POLLUTION CONTROL TECHNOLOGIES FOR SMALL-SCALEOPERATlONSADBDECEMBER2023ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANKPOLLUTION CONTROL TECHNOLOGIES FOR SMALL-SCALE OPERATIONSADBDECEMBER 2023ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK由包ICreative Commons Attribution 3.0 IGO license (CC BY 3.0 IGO)© 2023 Asian Development Bank6 ADB Avenue, Mandaluyong City, 1550 Metro Manila, PhilippinesTel +63 2 8632 4444; Fax +63 2 8636 2444Some rights reserved. Published in 2023.ISBN 978-92-9270-538-1 (print); 978-92-9270-539-8 (electronic); 978-92-9270-540-4 (ebook) Publication Stock. No. TCS230595DOI:The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views and policies of the Asian Development Bank (ADB) or its Board of Governors or the governments they represent.ADB does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this publication and accepts no responsibility for any consequence of their use. The mention Ofspecific companies or products of manufacturers does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by ADB in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned.By making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area, or by using the term “country” in this publication, ADB does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area.This publication is available under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 IGO license (CC BY 3.0 IGO) By using the content of this publication, you agree to be bound by the terms of this license. For attribution, translations, adaptations, and permissions, please read the provisions and terms of use at https:/www.adb.org/terms- usettopenaccess.This CC ht materials in this publication. If the material is attributed to another source, please contact the copyright owner or publisher of that source for permission to reproduce it. ADB cannot be held liable for any claims that arise as a result of your use of the material.Please contact pubsmarketingadb.org if you have questions or comments with respect to content, or if you wish to obtain copyright permission for your intended use that does not fall within these terms, or for permission to use the ADB logo.Corrigenda to ADB publications may be found at Note:In this publication, F$" refers to Fijian dollar; "K" refers to Papua New Guinea kina; "ST" refers to Samoan tala; and refers to United States dollars, unless indicated otherwise.On the cover: The upper photo shows above-ground structures of biogas in Cambodia; the lower photo shows constructed wetland in the Lao People/s Democratic Republic. Both were built under recent ADB projects. Photos by Xin Ren.ContentsTables, Figures, and BoxvAcknowledgmentsviAbbreviationsviiExecutive Summaryviii1 Introduction1Background1Objectives2Methodology and Coverage22 Water Pollution Control Technologies3Principles3Pre-treatments and Their Comparison4Primary Treatments and Their Comparison6Major Technologies for Secondary Treatment7Removal Rate of Treatment Technology10Cost Dimensions123 Discharge Standards and Implications13Ambient Versus Discharge Standards13Implications of Different Discharge Standards15From Concentration-Based Standard to Total Load Control164 Technologies for Solid Waste Management18Principles and Waste Management Hierarchy18Solid Waste Management Technologies19Technologies for Hazardous Waste Management225 Technologies for Air Emissions Control24Principles24Air Pollution Control Technologies246 Conclusions and Recommendations27iv Contents294042Appendixes1 Major Technologies for Small-Scale Wastewater Treatment2 Development of Environmental Standards in the United StatesReferencesTables5 Figures5 and BoxTables2.1 Primary Treatment Technologies for Wastewater72.2 Secondary Treatment Technologies Applicable to SMEs82.3 Comparison of Major Secondary Treatment Technologies93.1Comparison of Domestic Wastewater Discharge Standards144.1 Major Organic Waste Technologies Applicable to SMEs214.2 Major Technologies for Hazardous Waste from Agro-Sectors225.1Air Emission Control Technologies Applicable to SMEs26Figures4.1Diagram of Digestion with Biogas and Composting21A1Typical Flow Diagram of Trickling Filter System31A2Typical Schematic of an RBC Installation33A3Septic Tank and Constructed Wetland34A4Diagram of Typical DEWATS36A5Diagram of a Mini-Activated Sludge37A6Flow Chart of Aerated Lagoon38Box102.1 Example of Animal Husbandry Wastewater TreatmentAcknowledgmentsThe study was initiated and led by Xin Ren3 senior environmental specialist, Office of Safeguards of the Asian Development Bank (ADB)3 funded by the regional technical assistance (TA 9647) on Strengthening Safeguards Management in Southeast Asia. Xin Ren authored Chapters 1,3,4, and 6 and performed qualit