4.高中英语三种构词总结.docx

英语中的构词法主要有三种，即转化法、合成法和派生法。转化法在英语中，一个单词由一种词性转化为另一种或几种词性而词形不变的方法叫做转化法。1. 动词转化为名词Let me have a try. 让我试试。They are only allowed to sell soft drinks at school.在学校里只准许他们出售不含酒精的饮料。2. 名词转化为动词He shouldered his way through the crowd.他用肩膀推开人群前进。The smell from the kitchen made his mouth water.从厨房传来的气味使他流口水。3. 形容词转化为动词We will try our best to better our living conditions.我们要尽力改善我们的生活状况。They tried to perfect the working conditions.他们努力改善工作条件。4. 形容词转化为名词He didnt know the difference between right and wrong.他不辨是非。The old in our village are living a happy life.我们村的老年人过着幸福的生活。5. 形容词转化为副词How long have you lived there?你在那儿住多久了？6. 个别词在一定场合中可转化为名词Warm clothes are a must in the mountains.穿暖和的衣服到山区去是必须的。Life is full of ups and downs.人生有得意时也有失意时。His argument contains too many ifs and buts.他的辩论中含有太多的“如果”和“但是”。合成法由两个或两个以上的单词连在一起合成一个新词，这种构词法叫做合成法，合成的词叫做合成词。合成词一般看其词，知其意。1. 合成名词名词/代词+名词   newspaper  blood-test  she-wolf动词+名词   typewriter  pickpocket  daybreak形容词+名词   greenhouse  highway  副词+名词   overcoat  outside名词+v.-ing/v.-ing +名词   handwriting  reading-room  freezing-point 动词+副词/ 副词+ 动词   breakthrough  get-together  outbreak  outcome名词+介词+名词   sister-in-law   editor-in-chief 2. 合成形容词名词+形容词/形容词+名词   world-famous  duty-free  large-scale  long- term副词+形容词   over-anxious  evergreen名词+过去分词  man-made  sun-burnt名词+现在分词  peace-loving  English-speaking形容词+现在分词  good-looking  easy-going 副词+过去分词  well-informed  widespread副词+现在分词  hardworking   far-reaching形容词+名词+ed  warm-hearted  absent-minded数词+名词+ed  three-legged  ten-storied数词+名词  one-way  fivestar数词+名词+形容词  ten-year-old  800-meter-long名词+to+名词  face to-face  door - to -door  3. 合成动词名词+动词  baby-sit  sleepwalk 副词+动词  outnumber  underestimate  overwork形容词+动词  whitewash4. 合成副词形容词名词  meanwhile  anyway形容词副词  everywhere  anyhow副词副词  however介词名词  beforehand  overhead介词副词  forever 5. 合成代词代词宾格self/selves  herself  themselves物主代词self/selves  myself  yourselves 形容词名词  anything  nothing6. 合成介词副词名词  inside  outside介词副词  without  within副词介词  into派生法由一个词加上前缀或后缀构成一个与原单词意义相近或截然相反的新词叫做派生法。1. 前缀除少数前缀外，前缀一般改变单词的意义，但不改变单词的词性。（1）表示否定意义的前缀un-  unhappy  unfinished   undressdis-  disagree  disbelievein- il-(在字母l前)，im- (在字母m,b,p前)，ir- (在字母r前)  inaccurate  illegal  impolite  imbalance  irregularmis-  misbehave  mislead  mistakenon-  nonstop  nonsmoker（2）表示其他意义的前缀en-  “使”enrich  enlarge  encourageinter-  “相互”international  intercontinentalre-  “再，又，重”rethink  retell  recycletele-  “远程的”telescope  telephone  telegraphauto-  “自动的”automatic  automobileco-  “共同”coworker  cooperate coexistanti-  “反对，抵抗”antiwar  antifreeze  antinuclearmulti-  “多”multistory multicultural  multicolorbi-  “双，二”bicycle bilingual  bilateralmicro-  “极小的，微小的”microwave  microcomputerover-  “太多，过分”overwork  overdo  overestimateself-  “自己，本身”self-centered self-confident  self-controlunder-  “在下面，下的，不足的”underline, underground,  underestimate, underrate2. 后缀（1）形容词后缀-able  “可的，具有的”acceptable  drinkable  knowledgeable  reasonable -al  “与有关的”physical, magical, political-an  “属于某地方的人”American  African -ern  “方向”southern, northern, eastern-ful/ less  “（没）有的”helpful, useful,  homeless, hopeless-ish  “如的；有特征的”foolish  childish  selfish-ive  “有倾向的”active  attractive  expensive-en  “由制成的”golden  wooden  woolen-ous  “有（性质）的”famous, dangerous, poisonous-ly  “有性质的”friendly  yearly  daily-y  “构成形容词”noisy  dusty  cloudy（2）名词后缀-er / or  “表人或用具” farmer, baker, visitor, professor, cooker, container-ese  “某国（人）的”Chinese, Japanese-ian  “某国、某地人；精通的人”musician, Asian, Russian, technician-ist  “某种主义或职业者”physicist, scientist, communist，socialist-ess  “表女性，雌性”hostess, actress, princess-ment  “行为或其状态”government, movement, achievement-ness  “性质，状态”illness, sadness, carelessness-tion  “动作，过程，结果”invention, organization, translation-ance/ ence  “抽象；行为、性质、状态”importance, appearance, absence, existence-th  “性质、情况”  depth, warmth, truth -ful  “（满的）量”handful, spoonful, mouthful-(a)bility  “抽象、性质、状态”possibility, disability, reliability-al  “过程、状态”survival, arrival, approval-y  “性质、情况”modesty, delivery, honesty-dom  “处于状态；性质”freedom, boredom-age  “状态，行为，身份及其结果”courage, storage, marriage（3）动词后缀-fy / ify  “使得；变得” simplify, beautify, purify-en  “使成为；变得” shorten, deepen, sadden-ize  “使成为” apologize, realize, specialize（4）副词后缀-ly  “方式，程度” freely, truly, angrily-ward(s)  “向” towards, forward, upwards（5）数词后缀-teen  “十几”  fourteen, eighteen, thirteen-ty  “整十位数”  forty, fifty, sixty-th  “序数词”  twelfth, twentieth