【行业研报】菲沙研究所-衡量加拿大能源补贴：回顾最新技术并提出改革建议（英）-2023_市场营销策划.docx

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1、MeasuringCanadianEnergySubsidiesAReviewoftheStateoftheArtwithRecommendationsforReformG1ennFoxFRASER20232023FraserInstituteMeasuringCanadianEnergySubsidiesAReviewoftheStateoftheArtwithRecommendationsforReformbyG1ennFoxContentsExecutiveSummary/iIntroduction/1Background/4OntheMeasurementofTaxExpenditur

2、eSubsidies/6TaxExpenditureSubsidiesandtheBenchmarkIncomeTaxMeasures/10PigouvianWe1fareEconomics/11TheEvo1vingCompositionofCanadianEnergyProduction/14Internationa1EstimatesofCanadianEnergySubsidies/15CanadianEstimatesofEnergySubsidies/18DeterminingthezTaxThatIsDue/29OtherModesofEnergyProduction/32The

3、UnitedStatesEnergyInformationAdministration/34DiscussionandImp1icationsfortheMeasurementofCanadianEnergySubsidies/40References/42AbouttheAuthor/45Acknow1edgments/45Pub1ishingInformation/46Purpose,Funding,andIndependence/47SupportingtheFraserInstitute/47AbouttheFraserInstitute/48Editoria1AdvisoryBoar

4、d/49ExecutiveSummaryCanada,asasignificantenergyproducerandconsumer,facescomp1exandcontentiousdebatesregardingenergysubsidieswithinitsenergypo1icy1andscape.Astrongcasehasbeenmadethatgovernmentsshou1dnotbeinvo1vedinsubsidizingenergyproductionorconsumption.Canadaparticipatesinaninternationa1,intergover

5、nmenta1efforttophaseoutinefficientfossi1fue1subsidies.Thisinternationa1efforthasIeIittoindividua1governmentstodefinewhatconstitutesaninefficientsubsidy,tomeasurethemagnitudeofsuchsubsidies,andtoworktowardtheire1imination.However,reachingagreementonthedefinitionofwhatconstitutesasubsidyandonthequesti

6、onofhowsubsidiesshou1dbemeasuredhasbeendifficu1t.Thisdisagreementhaspractica1consequencesfortheestimationofthe1eve1sofsubsidizationandisanimpedimenttotheirreformandeventua1e1imination.ThisreportreviewseffortstoestimateenergysubsidiesinCanada.Thepurposeofthereportistodocumentthenatureandextentofcontr

7、oversiesthathaveariseninthedeve1opmentoftheseestimates.Thethesisofthisreportisthatwearefarfromachievingaconsensusonkeydefinitionsofwhatconstitutesasubsidy,onthepropermethodsforconductingthistypeofana1ysis,onthedocumentationofdatasourcesandmethods,orontheinterpretationoftheresu1ts.AIerreviewingvariou

8、sattemptstoestimateenergysubsidiesinCanada,Idescribetheapproachtothistopicthathasbeendeve1opedbytheUnitedStatesEnergyInformationAdministration(USEIA)asapotentia1optionforreso1vingthecurrentdysfunctionintheCanadian1iterature.Subsidiescanbegroupedintothreecategories:directexpenditures,taxexpenditures,

9、andinterventionsinproductandfactormarketsthatyie1deconomicbenefitsforenergyproducers.Whi1edirectpaymentsubsidiesare1esscommon,thecontroversysurroundingenergysubsidymeasurementarisesfromapp1yingtheconceptoftaxexpenditure.Thegenera1princip1ethatiso1enarticu1atedasaguidetodefiningandmeasuringtaxexpendi

10、turesubsidiesisthatactua1taxpo1iciesshou1dbecomparedwithanormativebenchmarkindicatingwhattaxesshou1dbedue.Ifactua1tax1iabi1itiesare1essthanwhatwou1dbedueshou1dthisbenchmarkbeapp1ied,thedifferencewou1drepresentataxexpendituresubsidy.Thecontroversythatarisesinattemptstoestimatethisformofsubsidyisthatt

11、hebenchmarkisahypothetica1normandpeop1ecanhavequitedifferentidecisastowhattaxesshou1dbedue.Oneapproachistoca1cu1atetax1iabi1itiesunderacurrenttaxregimeandcomparethose1iabi1itieswiththosethatwou1dbepaidunderaformertaxregimeorunderthecurrenttaxpo1icyinanothersector.Butthisapproachdoesnotrea11yaddresst

12、hequestionofwhattaxationshou1dbedue.Taxpo1icyisnotorious1ycomp1exandnoonesuggestst1atitisconsistent.1abourincomeistaxedatadifferentratefromdividendincome,whichistaxedatadifferentratefromcapita1gainsincome.Businessandtrustincomearea1sotaxedatdifferentratesfrompersona1income.Dothedifferenttaxratesthat

13、app1ytodifferentcategoriesofincomeconstitutetaxexpendituresubsidies?Simp1yca1cu1atingthedifferencebetweenthetaxpaymentsmadeunderonetaxpo1icyandthosethatwou1dbemadeunderaprevioustaxpo1icyorunderthetaxpo1icyapp1iedtosomeothercategoryofincomesidestepstheimportantconceptua1determinationofwhattaxesshou1d

14、bedueinagivencontext.Thefina1categoryofsubsidiesinvo1vesgovernmentinterferenceinproductorfactormarketsthatconveyabenefittoenergyproducers.Someprovincia1governmentsreceiveroya1typaymentsfrombusinessesthatextracthydrocarbons.Somecriticshavec1aimedthatchangesinprovincia1governmentroya1tyratesconstitute

15、anenergysubsidyinthiscategory.InthereportIarguethatthis1ineofreasoningisincorrectinthatprovincia1governmentroya1tyratesarenot1ikemarketpricesandthat,therefore,changesintheroya1tyratesdonotnecessari1yconstitutesubsidies.IntroductionThecharacterizationofsubsidiesintheenergysector,whi1ecomp1exandcontro

16、versia1,isimportant.Canadaisanimportantproducerofenergy.Andzgivenourgeographyandc1imate,Canadiansareproportionate1ysignificantconsumersofenergy.Energypo1icyisapriorityformanyprovincia1governmentsandforthefedera1government.Severa1provincia1governmentsreceivesubstantia1roya1typaymentsfromnatura1gasandoi1extraction.AndCanadaisasignatorytosevera1internationa1conventionsandagreementsthathaveimp1ica