戴维栋语言学.docx
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1、Chapter 1 IntroductionLHow to interpret the definition of linguistic: Linguistics is the scientific study of language.Linguistics is based on the systematic investigation of linguistic data, conducted with reference to some general theoryof language structure. In order to discover the nature and rul
2、es of the underlying language system, what the linguist has todo first is to observe and collect language fhets, which arc found to display some similarities, and generalizations arc madeabout them; then he formulates some hypotheses about the language stnicturc. But the hypotheses thus fbnned have
3、to becheeked repeatedly against the observed facts to fiilly prove their validity. In linguistics, as in any other discipline, dataand theory stand in a dialectical complementation.Z.Diachronic linguistics vs. Synchronic linguisticsDiachronic linguistics: eg. study the change in the sound system of
4、English from Old English to Modem English.Synchronic linguistics eg. the study of the kind of English used during Shakespeares time.3. How is Saussure distinction between langue and parole similar to Chomskys distinction between competenceand performance?Langue and paroleProposed by Swiss linguists
5、F. de |Saussurc (sociological view)a. Langue: refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech communityb. Parole: refers to the realization of langue in actual useIn Saussurc opinion, parole is simply a mass of linguistic facts, too varied and confiising for systematic
6、investigation, and what linguists should do is to abstract langue from parole.Competence and performanceProposed by the American linguist N, Choinsky) (psychological view)a. Competence : the ideal users knowledge of the rules of his languageb. Performance : the actual realization of knowledge in lin
7、guistic communication.Similar to Saussure, Chomsky thinks that what linguists should study is the ideal speakers competence, not hisperformance, which is too haphazard(杂乱无章的)to be studied. Although a speaker possess an internalized setof mles and applies them in actual use, he cannot tell exactly wh
8、at these rules arc. So the task of the linguists is todiscover and specify these rules.(比较Saussure和Chomsky的两对概念的异同)1. Saussure5s distinction and Chomskys are very similar.2. They differ at least in that Saussure took sociological view of language and his notion of langue is amatter of social convent
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