lawofmassconservation质量守恒定律.docx

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1、1awofmassconservation质量守恒定律1owofdefinite(orconstant)composition定组成定律1owofdefiniteproportions定比定律1owofmu1tip1eproportions倍比定律nuc1eusnju:k1isn原子核e1ectroni,1ektrnn电子protonCproutonn质子neutronnju:tronn中子atomicnumber原子序数massnumber质量数subscriptsbskriptn下标superscriptsu:POSkript;sju:psskriptn上标isotopeais9t9upn

2、同位素re1ativeatomicmass/atomicweight/averageatomicmass相对原子质量abundancesbnd(a)nsn丰度standardatomicweight标准原子质量unifiedatomicmassunit/atomicmassunit规定原子质量单位ionaionn离子anionnaiann阴离子cationkaetaisnjn阳离子monatomic,mnstomikadj单原子的po1yatomic,p1iatomikadj多原子的oxyanion含氧阴离子radica1ion自由基离子1ight1aitn光e1ectromagneticra

3、diation/radiantenergy电磁辐射diffractiondi,fraeknn衍射interferenceint9,fi9r(9)nsn干涉frequency,fri:kw(a)nsin频率wave1ength,weiv1e;weiv1erkn波长wavenumber波数amp1itudemp1itju:dn振幅intensity1in,tensitin强度quantumkwntomjn量子P1anck,sconstant普朗克常数photoe1ectriceffect光电效应photonfoutonn光子spectrumspektrsmn光谱continuousspectrum

4、连续谱，连续光谱discretespectrum离散谱，不连续光谱1inespectrum线状谱，光谱线quantumnumber量子数groundstate基态excitedstate激发态wave1ikeproperties波动性matterwave物质波，德布罗意波momentummo,ment9mn动量Heisenbergsuncertaintyprincip1e海森堡测不准原理Schrodingerswaveequation薛定播波动方程wave1ikeandpartic1e-1ikebehavior波粒二象性quantummechanic量子力学wavemechanic波动力学wa

5、vefunction波函数probabi1itydensity概率密度，几率密度e1ectrondensitydistribution电子密度分布atomicorbita1原子轨道principa1quantumnumber主量子数she11Ife1n层azimutha1/angu1ar/orbita1quantumnumber角量子数subshe11sbe1jn亚层magneticquantumnumber磁量子数Cartesian1abe1笛卡尔坐标spinquantumnumber自旋量子数Pau1iexc1usionprincip1e泡利不相容原理diamagnetic,daiamae

6、g,netikadj反磁性的，抗磁性的paramagneticpaersmaegnetikadj顺磁性的orbita1:bit()1n轨道e1ectronconfiguration电子构型Aufbauprincip1e构造原理orbita1diagram轨道图degenerateorbita1简并轨道Hundred,sRu1e洪特规则va1enceSheH价层coree1ectrons核电子periodictab1e周期表group/fami1y族period周期a1ka1imeta1s碱金属a1ka1ineearthmeta1s碱土金属ha1ogens,haehd3anzn卤素nitroge

7、nsCnaitrodj(a)nzn氮族元素cha1cogens1te1kogonzn氧族元素nob1egases稀有气体representative/maingroupe1ementstransitione1ements/meta1s过渡元素innertransitione1ements内过渡元素1anthanide,1enanaidjn偷系元素actinide1aekti,naidjn钢系元素nuc1earcharge核电荷e1ectrostaticattraction静电吸引effectivenuc1earcharge有效核电荷shie1di:Idn/screenskri:nn屏蔽octe

8、tOktetn八隅体atomicradius原子半径ionizationenergy电离能e1ectronaffinity电子亲和性e1ectronegativityi1ektrau,negativ9tin电负性Isoe1ectronic,aisoui1ek,trnik;,aisoue1ektronikadj等电子的ionizationpotentia1电离电势，电离位first/secondionizationenergy第一/第二电离能e1ectropositivei1ektro(u),pzitivadj带正电的meta1,met(9)1n金属nonmeta1,nn,met91n非金属me

9、ta11oid1,met(a)1idjn类金属semiconductor,semikandkton半导体meta11iccharacter金属性a11otrope,ae19tr9upn同素异形体peroxideparksaidn过氧化物superoxide,supar,oksaidn超氧化物chemica1bond化学键va1encee1ectron共价键ionicai0nikadj离子的cova1entkQU,vei1()ntadj共价的meta11icmitae1ikjadj金属的1ewissymbo1路易斯符号e1ectronpairs电子对octetru1e八隅体规则bondingpa

10、irs/SharedPair成键电子对1onepairs/unsharedpair孤电子resonancestructure共辄结构ionicbond离子键1atticestructure晶格结构1atticeenergy晶格能Born-Habercyc1e玻恩-哈伯循环cova1entbond共价键bondorder键级sing1ebond单键doub1ebond双键trip1ebond三键bondenergy/entha1py/strength键能bond1ength犍长networkcova1entso1id网络共价固体bondpo1arity键极性nonpo1arcova1entbon

11、d非极性共价键po1arbond极性键dipo1edaipu1n偶极dipo1emoment偶极距permanentdipo1emoment永久偶极品巨e1ectricfie1d电场po1arization,poubraizeiann极化po1arizabi1itypub,raizbibtin极化性，极化度meta11icbond金属键va1enceshe11e1ectron-pairrepu1sion(VSEPR)价层电子对互斥理论mo1ecu1argeometry/shape分子构型stericnumber(SN)立体数bondang1e健角1inear,1inioadj线性的trigon

12、a1trig(9)n(o)IJadj三角形的tetrahedra1,tetrohi:dro1adj四面体的trigona1bipyramida1三角双锥的octahedra11,ktahidrs1八面体的bendbend弯的/angu1ar阳Jgjuadj有棱角的seesaw,si:so:adj交互的，前后动的T-shapedT形的squarepyramida1四棱锥的squarep1anar平面正方形va1ence-bond(VB)theory价犍理论over1apauva1aepjn重叠hybridizethabnda1zn杂交nonequiva1entnonikwivo1antadjeq

13、uiva1entikwiv(o)1(g)ntadj相等的sphybridorbita1sp杂化轨道sigma()bond键pi()bond键sp3hybridorbita1sp3杂化轨道sp3d2hybridorbita1sp3d2杂化轨道sp3dhybridorbita1sp3d杂化轨道sp3dorbita1spid轨道Mo1ecu1arorbita1(MO)theory分子轨道理论mo1ecu1arorbita1分子轨道bondingorbita1成键轨道antibondingorbita1反键轨道sigma()mo1ecu1arobita1分子轨道sigmastar()mo1ecu1ar

14、obita1分子轨道pi()mo1ecu1arobita1分子轨道pistar(*)mo1ecu1arobita1*分子轨道mo1ecu1arorbita1diagram分子轨道图intramo1ecu1arforces分子内作用力intermo1ecu1arforce分子间作用力ion-dipo1e离子偶极dipo1e-dipo1eforce取向力hydrogenbonding氢键dispersionforce/1ondonforce色散力/伦敦力VanderWaa1s,force范德瓦尔斯力VanderWaa1sradius范德瓦尔斯半径chemica1reaction化学反应reacta

15、ntrijekt(a)ntJn反应物productprodktn产物DerectCombination(Synthesis)化合反应Chemica1Decomposition(Ana1ysis)分解反应Sing1eDisp1acement(Substitution)置换反应Doub1eDisp1acement(Metathesis)复分解反应Acid-basereaction酸碱反应Oxidation-reduction(Redox)reaction氧化还原反应oxidationnumber(oxidationstate)氧化数oxidizingagent/oxidant/oxidizer氧化齐IJreducingagent/reductant/reducer还原剂combustionkambStJg)nn燃烧，氧化exothermicreaction吸热反应endoth