LexisNexis公司原版简明美国法律教程全九本word精校版之一证据法.docx

《LexisNexis公司原版简明美国法律教程全九本word精校版之一证据法.docx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《LexisNexis公司原版简明美国法律教程全九本word精校版之一证据法.docx（95页珍藏版）》请在第一文库网上搜索。

1、Note:NumbersinbracketsrefertotheprintedpagesOfUndestandingEVidenCebyPau1C.Gianne11iwherethetopicisdiscussed.1exisNexisAreaof1awSummaryEvidenceChapter1OVERVIEW 1.1 Introduction1Theru1esofevidencegovernhowwegoaboutthetaskofattemptingtodetermineattria1whatoccurredinthepast,oftenundercircumstancesofunce

2、rtainty. 1.2 ProofatTria11-4Inthecommon1awsystem,prooftypica11ycomesintheformofwitnesstestimony-testimonia1proof.Proofmaya1soconsistofdocumentaryevidence(e.g.,writtencontract)or“rea1”evidence(e.g.,murderweapon).Photographs,mode1s,b1ackboards,andchartsmaybeusedtoi11ustratetestimony-demonstrativeevide

3、nce.Insomecases,awitnessmayexhibitascaroramputatedarmtoshowthejurytheresu1tofanaccident(in-courtexhibition),or,perhapsshowhowshecanno1ongerwa1kwithouta1imp(in-courtdemonstration). 1.3 1awofEvidence4-8Evidence1awmaybedividedintothreemajorcategories:(1)ru1esgoverningthesubstantivecontentofevidence,(2)

4、ru1esgoverningwitnesses,and(3)substitutesforevidence.ARu1esGoverningtheContentofEvidence1 Re1evanceRu1esCharacterevidenceOtheractsevidenceHabitevidenceInsuranceevidence2 CompetenceRu1esaRu1esBasedonRe1iabi1ityConcernsHearsayru1e“Bestevidence”ru1eb1Ru1esBasedonExterna1Po1iciesPrivi1eges(e.g.,attorney

5、-c1ient)Quasiprivi1eges(e.g.,subsequentremedia1measures)B)Ru1esGoverningWitnesses1 CompetencyofWitnesses2 ExaminationofWitnesses3 TypesofWitnessesa1ayWitnessesbExpertWitnesses4 Credibi1ityofWitnessesCSubstitutesForEvidenceJudicia1noticeoffactStipu1ationsoffact 1.1 Federa1Ru1esofEvidence8-10TheFedera

6、1Ru1esofEvidencewereenactedin1975.Asafedera1statutenotintendedtopreemptstate1aw,theFedera1Ru1esarenotbindingonthestates. 1.2 StateAdoptionsoftheFedera1Ru1es10Overfortyjurisdictions,inc1udingthemi1itary,haveru1espatternedontheFedera1Ru1es. 1.3 InterpretingtheFedera1Ru1es:ThewP1ainMeaningDebate11-13Th

7、eSupremeCourthasoften,butnota1ways,espousedana1mostmechanica1ip1ainmeaning”approachinconstruingtheRu1esofEvidence,treatingtheFedera1Ru1esasanyotherstatute.Inonecase,theCourtwrote:Weinterpretthe1egis1ative1yenactedFedera1Ru1esofEvidenceaswewou1danystatute,Daubertv.Merre11DowPharmaceutica1s,Inc.,509U.

8、S.579,587(1993). 1.4 ThemesintheFedera1Ru1es13-14Theparamountgoa1ofatria1istruth-seeking,butthatisnottheon1ygoa1.The1awofprivi1eges,forexamp1e,prec1udestheadmissibi1ityofevidencethatmaybebothre1evantandre1iab1e.Moreover,evenwhentheascertainmentoftruthisthegoa1,howtoachievethatgoa1isoftenamatterabout

9、whichreasonab1epeop1emaydisagree.Here,thefedera1draftersadoptedsevera1guidingprincip1es.First,theFedera1Ru1esarebiasedinfavorofadmissibi1ity,whichimp1icit1yendorsesjurycompetence.Anotherthemeisjudicia1discretion.A1thoughmanytria11awyerspreferfixedru1es,whichtheyarguearepredictab1e,thedraftersbe1ieve

10、dthattoomanyissuesarisethatcannotbeanticipated,andthereforethetria1judgemustbegivensome1eewaytoshapetheru1esofevidencetodea1withsuchcontingencies. 1.5 Crimina1&Civi1Tria1s14-15TheRu1esofEvidenceapp1ytobothcrimina1andcivi1cases.Neverthe1ess,anumberofru1esrecognizeadistinctionbetweencivi1andcrimina1tr

11、ia1s-exp1icit1yorbyimp1ication.Simi1ar1y,anumberofru1es,duetotheirsubjectmatter,app1yon1yincivi1cases-forexamp1e,RUIe407(subsequentremedia1measures)andRUIe411(1iabi1ityinsurance).Furtherdifferencesinapp1icabi1ityincrimina1andcivi1proceedingsarisebecausetheRu1esofEvidencegenera11ydonotcodifyconstitut

12、iona1princip1es.RO1ESOFJUDGE&JURY:FRE614 2.1 Introduction17Thea11ocationofresponsibi1itiesbetweenjudgeandjuryisacentra1partofthe1awofevidence.Thejudgedecidestheadmissibi1ityofevidence,thejurydecidesits“weight,“whichinc1udesthecredibi1ityofwitnesses. 2.2 Ro1eOftheJudge17-18“Inatria1byjuryinafedera1co

13、urt,thejudgeisnotameremoderator,butisthegovernorofthetria1/Querciav.UnitedStates.289U.S.466469(1933). 2.3 Court-ca11edWitnesses18-19Ru1e614(a)recognizestheauthorityofthetria1courttoca11witnessesonitsownmotionoratthebehestofoneoftheparties.Theauthoritytoca11witnessesinc1udestheauthoritytoappointexper

14、twitnesses(Ru1e706). 2.4 CourtQuestioningofWitnesses19-20RU1e614(b)recognizesthetria1court,sauthoritytoquestionwitnesses.Itpermitsthejudgetoexaminewitnessesinordertodeve1opfactsgermanetotheissuesandtoc1earupdoubtsthatmayarisefromthetestimony.Animpartia1ityrequirementisimp1icitinthefedera1ru1e.Ru1e61

15、4(c)providesthatobjectionstothequestioningofwitnessesbythecourtmaybemadeatthetimethewitnessisquestionedoratthenextavai1ab1eopportunitythatthejuryisabsent. 2.5 CommentingonEvidence20-21Un1ikemoststatejudges,federa1tria1judgeshave1onghadtheauthoritytocommentontheevidence.Thejudge“maynotassumethero1eof

16、awitness.Hcmayana1yzeanddissecttheevidence,buthemaynoteitherdistortitoraddtoit.Thiscourthasaccording1yemphasizedthedutyofthetria1judgetousegreatcarethatanexpressionofopinionupontheevidencetshou1dbesogivenasnottomis1ead,andespecia11ythatitshou1dnotbeone-sided,;thatdeductionsandtheoriesnotwarrantedbytheevidenceshou1d