中层管理-Enneagram 九型人格英文版百科 精品.doc

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1、The Enneagram (also sometimes called Enneagon) is a nine-pointed geometric figure. The term derives from two Greek words - ennea (nine) and grammos (something written or drawn).The introduction of the Enneagram figure is credited to G.I. Gurdjieff, who introduced it in his teachings as a universal s

2、ymbol which displays the fundamental cosmic laws. Gurdjieff did not disclose where the figure originally came from besides claiming that it was the emblem of secret societies.The Enneagram figure is now used for various purposes in a number of different teaching systems. In more recent years the fig

3、ure has mostly e into prominence because of its use with what is often called the Enneagram of Personality. The fundamental concepts of the Enneagram of Personality are attributed to Oscar Ichazo.Enneagrams shown as sequential stellationsIn geometry an enneagram is a regular nine-sided star polygon,

4、 using the same points as the regular enneagon but connected in fixed steps.It has two forms: 9/2 and 9/4 connecting every 2nd and every 4th points respectively. There is also a star figure, 9/3, made from the regular enneagon points but connected as a pound of three equilateral trianglesSee also: E

5、nneagram of Process The modern use of the Enneagram figure is generally credited to G.I. Gurdjieff and his Fourth Way teaching tradition. His teachings concerning the figure and what it represents does not have any direct connection to the later teachings by Oscar Ichazo and others concerning ego-fi

6、xations or personality types.The enneagram figure is a circle with nine points. Inscribed within the circle is a triangle taking in points 9, 3 and 6. The inscribed figure resembling a web links the other six points in a cyclic figure 1-4-2-8-5-7. The rules of the magic number 142857 can be applied

7、to the enneagrams explanations of processes.According to Gurdjieff, the enneagram is the symbol of the law of seven and the law of three bined (the two fundamental laws which govern the universe), and therefore the enneagram can be used to describe any natural whole phenomenon, cosmos, process in li

8、fe, or any other piece of knowledge.A basic example of the possible usage of the enneagram is that it can be used to illustrate Gurdjieffs concept of the evolution of the three types of food necessary for a man: ordinary food, air and impressions. Each point on the enneagram in this case would repre

9、sent the stage and the possibility of further evolution of food at a certain stage in the human body.Most processes on the enneagram are represented through octaves where the points serve as the notes; a concept which is derived from Gurdjieffs idea of the law of seven. In an octave the developing p

10、rocess es to a critical point (one of the triangle points) at which help from outside is needed for it to rightly continue. This concept is best illustrated on the keys of the piano where every white key would represent an enneagram web point. The adjacent white keys which are missing a black key (h

11、alf note) in between represent the enneagram web points which have a triangle point in between. In order that this point would pass onto the next, an external push is required.In the enneagram a process is depicted as going right around the circle beginning at 9 (the ending point of a previous proce

12、ss). The process can continue until it reaches point 3. At point three an external aid is needed in order that the process continues. If it doesnt receive the help, the process will stop evolving and will devolve back into the form from which it evolved. The process continues until point 6, and late

13、r 9, where a similar push is needed. If the process passes point 9, the initial process will end, while giving birth to a new one.The line of development associated with the Fourth Way developed from the writings of Gurdjieffs students - principally P.D. Ouspensky, Maurice Nicoll, J.G. Bennett and R

14、odney Collin. They developed Gurdjieffs ideas and left their own accounts. There is an extensive bibliography devoted to the Gurdjieff-Ouspensky tradition.A Gurdjieff foundation exists which claims an authority based on a line of succession directly through Mr Gurdjieff. The foundation preserves Gur

15、djieffs music and movements and continues its own work with the Enneagram figure.The enneagram as a structured process was studied by John G. Bennett and his associates. Bennett showed how it applied to something as mundane as a restaurant as well as to something as spiritual as the Beatitudes. It i

16、s currently being used to explicate the idea of self-organization in management.The Enneagram of Personality is derived from (established in U.S. Court 970 F.2d 1067, 1075. 2nd Circuit, 1992) partial understandings of the insights of Oscar Ichazo., the Bolivian-born founder of the Arica School (established in 1968). No evidence has appeared before Ichazos offerings for using the Enneagram figure with concepts such as ego fixations o