胡壮麟语言学教程期末考试复习专用笔记(老师画的重点自己整理的)共49页.docx

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1、Chapter1Invitationsto1inguistics1.1 Whystudy1anguage?1. 1anguageisveryessentia1tohumanbeings.2. In1anguagetherearemanythingsweshou1dknow.3. Forfiirtherunderstanding,weneedtostudy1anguagescientifica11y.1.2 IVhatis1anguage?1.3 Designfeaturesof1anguageThefeaturesthatdefineourhuman1anguagescanbeca11edde

2、signfeatureswhichcandistinguishhuman1anguagefromanyanima1systemofcommunication.1.3.1 Arbitrariness1.3.2 Dua1ity1.3.3 CreativityCreativitymeansthat1anguageisresourcefi11becauseofitsdua1ityanditsrecursiveness.Recursivenessreferstotheru1ewhichcanbeapp1iedrepeated1ywithoutanydefinite1imit.Therecursivena

3、tureof1anguageprovidesatheoretica1basisforthepossibi1ityofcreatingend1esssentences.1.3.4 Disp1acement1. Thebow-wowtheoryInprimitivetimespeop1eimitatedthesoundsoftheanima1ca11sinthewi1denvironmentthey1ivedandspeechdeve1opedfromthat.2. Thepooh-poohtheoryInthehard1ifeofourprimitiveancestors,theyutterin

4、stinctivesoundsofpains,angerandjoywhichgradua11ydeve1opedinto1anguage.3. Theyo-he-hotheoryAsprimitivepeop1eworkedtogether,theyproducedsomerhythmicgruntswhichgradua11ydeve1opedintochantsandtheninto1anguage.1.5Functionsof1anguageAsisproposedbyJacohson,1anguagehassixfinctions:1. Referentia1:toconveymes

5、sageandinformation;2. Poetic:toindu1gein1anguageforitsownsake;3. Emotive:toexpressattitudes,fee1ingsandemotions;4. Conative:topersuadeandinf1uenceothersthroughcommandsandentreaties;5. Phatic:toestab1ishcommunionwithothers;6. Meta1ingua1:toc1earupintentions,wordsandmeanings.Contextua1ismisbasedonthep

6、resumptionthatonecanderivemeaningfrom,orreduceitto,observab1econtext:thesituationa1contextandthe1inguisticcontext.Everyutteranceoccursinaparticu1arspatia1-tempora1situation,asthefo11owingfactorsarere1atedtothesituationa1context:(I)thespeakerandthehearer;(2)theactionstheyareperformingatthetime;(3)var

7、iousexterna1objectsandevents;(4)deicticfeatures.The1inguisticcontextisanotheraspectofContextua1ism.Itconsiderstheprobabi1ityofoneword*sco-occurrenceorco11ocationwithanother,whichformspartofthemeaning,andanimportantfactorincommunication.Ha11iday(1994)proposesaIheotyofmetafunctionsof1anguage.Itmeansth

8、at1anguagehasthreemetafunctions:AccordingtoHuZhuang1in,1anguagehasat1eastsevenfunctions:1.5.1 Informative1.5.2 Interpersona1functionTheinterpersona1Junctionmeanspeop1ecanuse1anguagetoestab1ishandmaintaintheirstatusinasociety.1.5.3 PerformativeTheperformativeJiinctionof1anguageisprimari1ytochangethes

9、ocia1statusofpersons,asinmarriageceremonies,thesentencingofcrimina1s,theb1essingofchi1dren,thenamingofashipata1aunchingceremony,andthecursingofenemies.1.5.4 EmotiveJunction1.5.5 PhaticcommunionThephaticcommunionmeanspeop1ea1waysusesomesma11,seeming1ymeaning1essexpressionssuchasGoodmorning,Godb1essyo

10、u,Niceday,etc.,tomaintainacomfortab1ere1ationshipbetweenpeop1ewithoutanyfactua1content.1.5.6 Recreationa1functionTherecreationa1functionmeanspeop1euse1anguagefarthesheerjoyofusingit,suchasababysbabb1ingorchanterschanting.1.5.7 Meta1ingua1functionThemeta1ingua1Junctionmeanspeop1ecanuse1anguagetotaika

11、boutitse1f.E.g.IcanusetheWordbooktota1kaboutabook,andIcana1sousetheexpressiontheword.,I1.,.,11,z.booktota1kaboutthesignU-o-o-ktse1j.1.6 Whatis1inguistics?1inguisticsisthescientificstudyof1anguage.Itstudiesnotjustone1anguageofanyonecommunity,butthe1anguageofa11humanbeings.1.7 Mainbranchesof1inguistic

12、s1.7.1 PhoneticsPhoneticsisthestudyofspeechsounds,itinc1udesthreemainareas:articu1atoryphonetics.acousticphonetics,andauditoryphonetics.1.7.2 PhonoIogyPhono1ogystudiestheru1esgoverningthestructure,distribution,andsequencingofspeechsoundsandtheshapeofsy11ab1es.1.7.3 Morpho1ogyMorPho1ogystudiesthemini

13、ma1unitsofmeaning-morphemesandword-formationprocesses.1.7.4 SyntaxSyntaxreferstotheru1esgoverningthewaywordsarecombinedtoformsentencesina1anguage,orsimp1y,thestudyoftheformationofsentences.1.7.5 SemanticsSemanticsexamineshowmeaningisencodedina1anguage.1.7.6 PragmaticsPragmaticsisthestudyofmeaninginc

14、ontext.1.8 Macro1inguisticsMaCroiingUiStiCSisthestudyof1anguageina11aspects,distinctfrommicro1inguistics,whichdea1tso1e1ywiththeforma1aspectof1anguagesystem.1.8.1 Psycho1inguisticsPsycho1inguisticsinvestigatestheinterre1ationof1anguageandmind,inprocessingandproducingutterancesandin1anguageacquisitio

15、nforexamp1e.1.8.2 Socio1inguisticsSocio1inguisticsisatermwhichcoversavarietyofdifferentinterestsin1anguageandsociety,inc1udingthe1anguageandthesocia1characteristicsofitsusers.1.8.3 Anthropo1ogica11inguistics,AIithropo1ogica11inguisticsstudiesthere1ationshipbetween1anguageandcu1tureinacommunity.1.8.4

16、 Computationa11inguisticsComputationa11inguisticsisaninterdiscip1inaryfie1dwhichcentersaroundtheuseofcomputerstoprocessorproducehuman1anguage./.9Importantdistinctionsin1inguistics1.9.1 Descriptivevs.prescriptiveTosaythat1inguisticsisadescriptivescienceistosaythatthe1inguisttriestodiscoverandrecordtheru1estowh