2023终极八篇第八篇原文+题目.docx

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1、Ever since its first antitrust law passed in 1890z America has argued over what trustbusting is for. One school, named after Louis Brandeisz a judge, holds that big companies must be tamed because they corrupt politics and damage customers, competitors and staff. The other says the goal of antitrust

2、 is to protect the welfare of consumers, which can be enhanced by bigz efficient firms. For decades the consumer approach has been ascendant, but now the consensus has frayed and trustbusters are heading in a Brandeisian direction.This is a mistake. Competition policy needs reforms, to correct past

3、failings and to adapt to the digital economy. Yet it should continue to be based on the principle that consumers are what count.A shift towards more politicised and expansive antitrust is taking place across the rich world. Since the 1990s the EU has tended to put consumers interests first, but now

4、its commissioner wants to apply a zzbroader notion of harm. Lawmakers everywhere are redrafting rules to constrain technology firms, even when their products are popular and free. On January 20th America s Senate Judiciary Committee approved, with bipartisan support, a bill that would ban tech giant

5、s from using their platforms to favour their own services.The new expansive and strident approach is tempting, but it did not work well in the past. Standing up for consumers, who are diffuse, does not come naturally to politicians who tend to indulge vocal and concentrated interests, such as incumb

6、ent firms, lobbyists and unions. Before the consumer welfare standard emerged in legal judgments in the 1970s and 1980sz America7 s trustbusting was capricious.The change is happening because competition policy has fallen short. In America the consumer welfare standard is associated with rulings tha

7、t make it difficult for trustbusters to win in court unless they can meet abstruse legal tests proving that a firm has raised or will raise prices. Competition authorities have lost cases they should have wonz such as when Sprint and T-Mobile merged, taking the number of mobile networks down to thre

8、e. The authorities became gun-shy about bringing cases. Between the 1990s and 2010s the average number of mergers investigated per year by the Department of Justice fell from 180 to 70z despite frantic industry consolidation. Sleepy trustbusters missed the rise of big tech.Instead of aiming to prote

9、ct everyone, opening the door to clumsy interventions, trustbusters should reform the consumer standard. Regulators and governments, especially in Europe, must be realistic about their ability to anticipate consumers needs and should not pursue firms purely because they have grown big by being usefu

10、l. The large and fluid tech ecosystems offered by Alphabet Amazon, Apple and others show the complexity of the task: they are in an innovative phase with new services being created that are highly popular and they increasingly compete with each other. It would be easy to erode the quality of their p

11、roducts with ill-judged rules.Ql: It is suggested in the first two paragraphs that trustbusting in AmericaA. Mainly concentrated on consumer protectionB. have followed the Brandeisian approachCJacks a consistency in policy orientatioD. Is not fit for digital economyQ2: The primary goal for the expan

12、sive trustbusting isA. To limit the growth of digital platformsB. To better protect consumers interestsC. To create more free digital productsD. To better regulate tech giants operationsQ3: Consumers7 rights were largely overlooked before 1970s due toA. Politicians7 prejudiceB. Lobbyists7 interventi

13、onC. Big tech7 s hinderanceD. Flawed welfare systemQ4: Trustbustersz reluctance to investigations of mergers originates fromA. Their failures in cases concernedB. The impracticality of the laws concernedC. The soaring prices of productsD. Their sleepiness over industry consolidationQ5: According to the last paragraph, the author holds that tech firmsA. Deserve some loose environmentB. Should compete with each otherC. Should keep undating their servicesD. Confront directly with regulators