国际私法英文材料.docx

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1、第一章TheConf1ictsCase(必读)Many1ega1disputesarepure1y1oca1.Forinstance:whetherthecontractorhasorhasnotsubstantia11yperformedwhenthe1ocationofaninteriorwa11wasoffbysixincheswi11usua11ybedecidedby1oca1courtsandaccordingto1oca1contractIawJncreasingIy,however,disputeswi11haveaforeigne1ement.Inconf1icts1aw,f

2、oreigndoesnotnecessari1ymeanthesameas,foreigncountry.Instead,foreigniseverythingwhichisnot1oca1.Thus,forinstance,foreignpartiesarepartiesfromanotherstateoftheUnitedStatesorfromaforeigncountry.Simi1ar1y,aforeign1transactionisonewhichtookp1aceoutsidethe1oca1state.Forinstance,aproductmanufacturedinanot

3、herstateorcountrymaycauseinjury1oca11y:thevictimwou1d1iketosueto1oca11yratherthanhavetotrave1wherethedefendanttortfeasoris.A1so,thevictimwou1d1ike,ifpossib1e,tohavethecourtapp1y1oca11aw(forinstance,becauseitprovidesforstrict1iabi1ity).Assumethatthevictimdoesrecoverinhisorherhomestatebutthattheforeig

4、n(out-of-state)defendantownsnopropertythere:thejudgmentcreditorwi11thereforenowhavetoseekrecognitionandenforcementofthejudgmentinthedefendantshomestate(orinanotherstatewherethereareassetsbe1ongingtothedefendant).Conf1icts1awthushasanorderingfunction:Whenthecaseisconnectedwithmorethanone1ega1system-w

5、henitisaninterstateorinternationa1case-,conf1icts1awdecideswhohasthepowertodecidethecase,accordingtowhose1awthecaseshou1dbedecided,andwhattheeffectise1sewhereoftheresu1tingjudgment.Asagenera1ru1e,Americanconf1icts1awdoesnotdifferentiatebetweeninterstateandinternationa1cases:thesameru1ewithrespecttoj

6、urisdiction,choiceof1aw,andtherecognitionofjudgmentsapp1ytoboth.Exceptions:1)Injurisdiction,theinternationa1natureofacasemaymake1itigationinanAmericancourtinappropriate.2)TheFu11FaithandCreditC1ausedoesnotapp1ytoforeigncountryjudgments,butmoststatesaccordthosejudgmentsthesamerecognitionastheywou1dto

7、sister-statejudgments.3)TheUnitedStateshasenteredintoanumberoftrartieswhichapp1ytointernationa1caseon1y.Examp1es:Internationa1Sa1esConvention;Civi1AspectsofInternationa1Chi1dAbduction;ServiceofDocuments;TakingofEvidenceAbroad.Conceptandtypesoftheconf1ictru1e(必读)Thenormsindirect1yregu1atingfactsofpri

8、vateinternationa11awformaspecia1groupofstatutoryprovisionsca11edconf1ictru1es.Onabroaderp1aneaconf1ictru1eisunderstoodtomeananormregu1atinganyconf1ictof1aw,towit,determiningwhichofsevera1re1evantru1esistobeactua11yapp1ied.Conf1ictcasesmaybeinternationa1,whenthechoiceisbetweenthe1awsofsevera1sovereig

9、nStates;thenormsreso1vingsuchconf1ictsareca11edconf1ictru1esoftheinternationa1type.Conf1ictsmaya1soarisebetweendiffering1awsofnon-sovereignpartsofasovereignState.Barto1usandStatutists(必读)Barto1ussmethodofreso1vingconf1ictswasbasedonasimp1isticc1assificationof1oca11aws(statute)intotwocategories:rea1o

10、rpersona1.Rea1statuteswerethosethatoperatedon1ywithintheterritoryoftheenactingstatebutnotbeyond.Incontrast,persona1statutesoperatedbeyondtheterritoryoftheenactingstateandbounda11personsthatoweda11egiancetoit.Barto1usthoughtthatthisc1assificationcou1dreso1vea11potentia1conf1ictsbecausea11statutes,bot

11、hdomesticandforeign,be1ongedtoeithertheoneortheothercategory,1eavingneithergapsanddoubts.IndirectandDirectRegu1ations(必读)1ega1deve1opmenthasevo1vedtwomethodsofdea1ingwithfactsofprivateinternationa11aw-indirectanddirectregu1ation.Bothareapp1iedsidebyside.Distinctionismadebetweenthemaccordingtotheadop

12、tedapproach,thewayofregu1atingfacts.Indirectregu1ationisspokenofwhenafactofprivateinternationa11awisregu1atedintwophases,withthehe1pofru1esestab1ishedontwop1anes:(a)Theru1esre1atedtothese1ectionofthe1ega1systemsthatmaybetakenintoconsideration,andtothechoiceoftheapp1icab1e1aw,determiningwhichofthecom

13、petingsystemsof1awistobe1ookedtoforarrivingatthedecisionofaconcretecase.According1ythefunctionofthefirst-p1aneru1esistoreso1vetheconf1ictofcompeting1ega1systems,togiveaguidetotheapp1icab1e1aw,torefertothenormsgoverningthecase.Theremittingru1esarethereforeca11edconf1ictru1es,whichdesignatenothingbutt

14、heapp1icab1esystemof1aw,neitherdeterminingthesubstanceofprivateinternationa1casesnorprovidinganyguidanceastotherightsanddutiesofthesubjectsofaparticu1ar1ega1re1ationship.(b)Theru1esdesignedfortheactua1so1utionofagivenre1ationshiparefoundinindirectregu1ationandareca11edpositiveru1esascontrastedwithco

15、nf1ictru1es.Theyservetodeterminetherightsandob1igationsofthesubjectsofthe1ega1re1ationshipinvo1ved.Theindirectregu1ationofprivateinternationa11awfactsconsistsinse1ectingtheapp1icab1e1awaccordingtotheconf1ictru1eonthehandandinregu1atingtheparticu1ar1ega1re1ationaccordingtothepositiveru1esoftheapp1ica

16、b1e1aw,ontheother.Directregu1ationmeansthatthe1ega1normsaredirect1yapp1ied,asinthecaseofdomesticfactswithonforeignconnectiontotheso1utionofthe1ega1re1ationshiponitsmerits,determiningtherightsandob1igationsoftheparties.Thereisnointermediatephaseofregu1ation,norisonenecessary,andthereisnose1ectionanddesignationoftheapp1icab1e1aw.Thusthenormsofdirectregu1ationbearremittingcharacter,arenotconf1ictru1es,butonesdirect1yestab1ishingthe1ega1effectsofprivateinternationa11awcases.